Irfan Saleem

Irfan Saleem is an economist at the School of Management, University of Bradford. He previously served as a UK civil servant at the Office for National Statistics, where he contributed to methodological work on measuring labour hours and labour productivity for the UK economy. His research spans environmental policy, international trade, industrial competitiveness, energy, and women’s empowerment and has been published in leading international journals. He has also worked as a consultant for the Asian Development Bank and CAREC, completing an ADB-funded project on the COVID-19 pandemic and the trade impacts of environmental regulations across CAREC and OECD regions (2006–2020). Saleem brings additional public- and private-sector experience, having worked as a research economist in Pakistan and as a business analyst/business development professional in the UK. His current interests include international trade, industrial innovation, competitiveness, green finance, and environmental policy.

Concerns About Green Regulation Pushing Industry to Pollution Havens May Be Overstated

Recent border carbon measures have relied on the theory that stricter environmental rules in rich countries push pollution-intensive production toward developing economies with weaker regulations. In new research, Irfan Saleem and Giray Gozgor show that the “pollution haven” mechanism is neither automatic nor uniform across industries. Evidence is mixed, often small in magnitude, and highly sensitive to how we measure regulation, model trade, and account for industry mobility.

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